SAP CO Interview Questions and Answers

Q1. Explain ‘controlling (co)’ In Sap?

Ans: SAP calls managerial accounting ‘Controlling’ and the module is commonly known as ‘CO.’ The CO module is, thus, primarily oriented towards managing and reporting cost/revenue and is mainly used in ‘internal’ decision-making. As with any other module, this module also has configuration set-up and application functionality.

The controlling module focuses on internal users and helps management by providing reports on cost centers, profit centers, contribution margins and profitability, etc.

Q2. What Are The Important ‘organizational Elements Of Co’?

Ans: The important organizational structure of controlling includes:

Operating Concern (the top-most reporting level for profitability analysis and sales and marketing controlling).

Controlling Area (central organization in ‘controlling,’ structuring internal accounting operations).

Cost Centers (lower-most organizational units where costs are incurred and transferred).

Q3. What Is A ‘controlling Area’? How Is It Related To A Company Code?

Ans: A ‘Controlling Area’ is the central organizational structure in ‘controlling’ (CO) and is used in cost accounting. The controlling area, as in the case of a Company Code, is a self-contained cost accounting entity for internal reporting purposes. The controlling area is assigned to one or more Company Codes to ensure that the necessary transactions, posted in FI, are transferred to controlling for cost accounting processing.

One controlling area can be assigned one or more Company Codes.

One chart of accounts can be assigned to one or more controlling areas.

One or more controlling areas can be assigned to an operating concern.

One Client can have one or more controlling areas.

Q4. Outline ‘company Code—controlling Area’ Assignments.?

Ans: There are two types of assignments possible between the Company Code and a controlling area:

One-to-one: Here, one Company Code corresponds to one controlling area.

Many-to-one: More than one Company Code is assigned to a single controlling area.

Q5. What Are The ‘components Of Controlling’?

Ans: There are eight major submodules in CO and each of these submodules has many components as detailed below:

1. Cost Element Accounting
2. Cost Controlling
3. Cost Center Accounting
4. Internal Orders
5. Activity-Based Costing
6. Product Cost Controlling
7. Profitability Analysis
8. Profit Center Accounting

Q6. Why Do You Need ‘cost Element Accounting’?

Ans: Cost Element Accounting’ (CO-OM-CEL) helps you to classify costs/revenues posted to CO. It also provides you the ability to reconcile the costs between FI and CO. CO-OM-CEL provides the structure for assignment of CO data in the form of cost/revenue carriers called cost elements or revenue elements.

Q7. Explain ‘cost Center Accounting.’?

Ans: Cost Center Accounting’ deals with the difficult task of managing ‘overheads’ within your organization. Since overhead costs are something that you cannot directly associate with a product or service, which can be difficult to control, cost center accounting provides you with the necessary tools to achieve this.

Q8.What Is ‘activity-based Costing’?

Ans: Activity-Based Costing,’ popularly known as ABC, helps you to view overhead costs from the point of business processes. The result is you will be able to optimize costs for the entire business process. As a single business process, activity-based costing will cut across several cost centers and will give you an enhanced view of the costs incurred.

Q9.What Is ‘product Cost Controlling’ (co-pc)?

Ans: Product Cost Controlling’ (CO-PC) deals with estimating the costs to produce a product/service. CO-PC is divided into two major areas:

1. Cost of materials
2. Cost of processing

With CO-PC, you can calculate:

1. Cost of goods manufactured (COGM)
2. Cost of goods sold (COGS)

CO-PC is tightly integrated with Production Planning (PP) and Materials Management (MM), in addition to FI. The functionality helps to:

• Calculate Standard Costs of manufactured goods
• Calculate the Work-in-Progress (WIP)
• Calculate the Variances, at period-end
• Finalize settlement of product costs

Note that CO-PC deals only with production costs as it deals only with the production.

Q10. What Is ‘profitability Analysis’ (co-pa)?

Ans: ‘Profitability Analysis’ (CO-PA) helps you determine how profitable (denoted by the ‘contribution margin’) your market segments are. The analysis is on the external side of the market. You will be able to define what segments, such as customer, product, geography, sales organization, etc., of the market are required for analyzing ‘operating results/profits.’ With multi-dimensional ‘drill-down’ capability, you have all the flexibility you need for reporting.

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Q11. How Is ‘profit Center Accounting’ (ec-pca) Different From Co-pa?

Ans: Unlike CO-PA where the focus is on external market segments’ profitability, ‘Profit Center Accounting’ (EC-PCA) focuses on profitability of internal areas (profit centers) of the enterprise. Profit center accounting is used to draw internal balance sheets and profit & loss statements. You may use EC-PCA in place of business area accounting.

Both CO-PA and EC-PCA serve different purposes, and are not mutually exclusive. You may need them both in your organization.

Q12. Explain ‘integration Of Co’ With Its Components And Other Sap Modules.?

The CO module is integrated with FI, AA, SD, MM, PP, and HR:

Ans: FI is the main source of data for CO. All expenses, posted in FI, flow to CO through the ‘primary cost elements’ to the appropriate ‘cost centers.’ Similarly, postings in Asset Accounting (such as depreciations) are also passed on to CO.

Revenue postings in FI would result in postings in CO-PA and also in EC-PCA.

The SD, MM, and PP modules have many integration points in CO. Goods issue (GI) to a controlling object or goods receipt (GR) from a ‘production order’ are some examples of integration. These modules are tightly integrated as consumption activities, cost of goods issued, overhead charges, material costs, etc., which are passed on to production objects such as PP production order or sales order. The WIP (Work-in-Progress) and the variances, at period ends, are settled to CO-PA, CO-PCA, and also to FI. Revenues are directly posted when you generate billing documents in SD, if the sales order is a cost object item.

The HR module generates various types of costs to be posted in CO. Planned HR costs can also be passed on for CO planning.

Q13. What Is A ‘cost Object’?

Ans: A ‘Cost Object,’ also known as a CO Account Assignment Object, in SAP denotes a unit to which you can assign objects. It is something like a repository in which you collect costs, and, if necessary, move the costs from one object to another. All the components of CO have their own cost objects such as cost centers, internal orders, etc.

The cost objects decide the nature of postings as to whether they are real postings or statistical postings. All the objects that are identified as statistical postings are not considered cost objects (for example, profit centers).

Q14. Differentiate Between ‘real’ And ‘statistical Postings’ In Co.?

Ans: The CO account assignment objects decide the type of postings allowed. They can be real or statistical postings.

‘Real Postings’ allow you to further allocate/settle those costs to any other cost object in CO, either as ‘senders’ or as ‘receivers.’ The objects that are allowed to have real postings include:

• Cost Centers
• Internal Orders (Real)
• Projects (Real)
• Networks
• Profitability Segments
• PP—Production Orders (make-to-order)

‘Statistical Postings,’ on the other hand, are only for information purposes. You will not be able to further allocate/settle these statistical costs to other cost objects. Examples of such objects include:

• Statistical (Internal) Orders
• Statistical Projects
• Profit Centers

Q15. How Do You Define ‘number Ranges’ In Co?

Ans: You will be required to define, for each of the controlling areas, the ‘Number Ranges’ for all transactions that will generate documents in CO. Once done for a controlling area, you may copy from one controlling area to other controlling areas when you have more than one such area.

To avoid too many documents, SAP recommends grouping multiple but similar transactions, and then assigning number ranges to this group. Further, you may create different number ranges for plan and actual data. As in FI, the number ranges can be internal or external. The document number ranges in CO are independent of fiscal years.

Q16.How Does ‘master Data’ Differ From ‘transaction Data’ In Co?

Ans: The ‘Master Data’ remain unchanged over a long period, whereas ‘Transaction Data’ are short-term. The transaction data are assigned to the master data.

Though you normally create the master data from transactions, note that you will be able to create these records from the configuration side as well. When you need to create a large number of master data, you may use the ‘collective processing’ option to create related master records in one step. SAP puts master data in ‘groups’ for easy maintenance.

In the case of master data of cost center/cost elements/activity types, once they are created, you will not be able to change the date. SAP calls this feature the ‘time dependency’ of master data. If necessary, you can extend the ‘time’ by creating a new one and attaching it to the existing objects. In the case of resources, the master data are time-dependent and the system will allow you to delete these objects. Statistical Key Figures (SKF) are not time-dependent; once defined they are available in the system forever.

Q17.What Is A ‘cost Element’?

Ans: ‘Cost Elements’ represent the origin of costs. There are two types of cost elements:

Primary Cost Elements

Secondary Cost Elements

Q18.What Is A ‘primary Cost Element’?

Ans: Primary Cost Elements’ represent the consumption of production factors such as raw materials, human resources, utilities, etc. Primary cost elements have their corresponding GL accounts in FI. All the expense/revenue accounts in FI correspond to the primary cost elements in CO. Before you can create the primary cost elements in CO, you first need to create them in FI as GL accounts.

Note that SAP treats revenue elements also as primary cost elements in CO processing. The only difference is that all the revenue elements are identified with a negative sign while posting in CO. The revenue elements correspond to the revenue accounts in FI and they fall under the cost element category, category 01/11.

Q19. What Is A ‘secondary Cost Element’?

Ans: Secondary Cost Elements’ represent the consumption of production factors provided internally by the enterprise itself, and are present only in the CO. They are actually like cost carriers, and are used in allocations and settlements in CO. While creating these elements, you need to mention the cost element category, which can be any of the following:

Category 21, used in internal settlements

Category 42, used in assessments

Category 43, used in internal activity allocation

Q20. What Is A ‘cost Element Category’?

Ans: All the cost elements need to be assigned to a ‘Cost Element Category,’ to determine the transactions for which you can use the cost elements.

Example:

Category 01, known as the ‘general primary cost elements,’ is used in standard primary postings from FI or MM into CO.

Category 22 is used to settle order/project costs, or cost object costs to objects outside of CO (such as assets, materials, GL accounts, etc.).

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Q21. How Do You Automatically Create ‘cost Elements’?

Ans: You will be able to create ‘cost elements’ automatically by specifying the cost element, the cost element interval, and the cost element category for the cost elements. All these are achieved by creating default settings. The creation of cost elements is done in the background.

The primary cost elements can be created only when you have the corresponding GL accounts in the chart of accounts of the Company Code. Even though the GL account names are used as the names of the primary cost elements thus created by the system, you have the option of changing these names in CO. All the secondary cost elements are created in CO; the name of these cost elements comes from the cost element category.

Q22. Explain ‘segments’ And ‘cycles.’?

Ans: A ‘Segment’ is one processing unit required to complete an automated allocation of distribution or assessment or reposting of planned/actual costs in controlling in SAP. A segment is made up of (a) allocation characteristics—to identify the sender/receiver, (b) values of the sender—plan/actual, type of costs to be allocated, and (c) values of the receiver—the basis for allocation, for example, the tracing factor such as SKF, percentages, etc.

When you combine multiple segments into a single process, then you call that the ‘Cycle.’ A Cycle helps you to process various segments in a chain-like fashion one after another. A Cycle consists of header data (valid for all Segments in a Cycle) and one or more Segments, with summarized rules and settings enabling allocation. The Segments within a ‘cycle’ can be processed iteratively (one segment waits for the results of another) or non-iteratively (all the segments are processed independently) or cumulatively (to take care of variations in receiver Tracing Factors or sender amounts).

Typically, when you start the cycles you will start them in a ‘test’ mode to see the allocations before actual postings. Technically, you can run the cycles in ‘production’ mode at any point of time, but the system will carry out the allocation postings only on the first day of a period. The utility of the cycle lies in the fact that you can run these period after period.

Q23. What Is ‘iterative Processing’ Of Cycles?

Ans: ‘Iterative Processing’ is nothing but the repetitive processing of sender/receiver relationships until the sender’s entire cost is transferred to the receiver(s). During iterative processing, you will not be able to use ‘fixed amounts’ as the ‘sender rules’; you will also not be able to define a percentage to remain on the sender. You will be able to use both plan and actual data while using the iteration.

Q24. What Is ‘splitting’? Explain The ‘splitting Structure.’?

Ans: ‘Splitting’ is a process used to assign ‘activity-independent’ plans/actual costs, both primary and secondary, of a cost center to the individual activity types within that cost center. But the important requirement is that you will use this when there is no account assignment to the activity types.

You may either use the Splitting rules or the Equivalence number to achieve this. When you split the costs from a cost center, the cost center temporarily becomes more than one cost center for the purpose of allocation but again becomes a single cost center when posting happens in the subsequent period.

If you need to assign different cost elements or cost element groups to activities in more than one way, then you need to define a ‘Splitting Structure’ containing ‘splitting rules’ to determine the criteria of splitting ‘activity-independent’ costs to an activity type. If you have created the splitting structure in customizing and assigned the same to a cost center, then the system uses the splitting structure for cost apportioning; otherwise, it will use the equivalence number.

The ‘splitting rules’ determine the amount or the proportion of costs to be allocated to various activity types of a cost center and is based on the consumption of these activity types. The costs thus allocated may be a fixed sum, or a percentage, or it can even be based on the tracing factors or SKFs.

The ‘equivalence number’ is a basic method for splitting the costs when you manually plan for each of the activity types. By this, you will plan all activity-independent costs according to the equivalence numbers (the default is 1)

Q25. What Is An ‘activity Price Calculation’?

Ans: You will be completing the planning process only when you perform the ‘Activity Price Calculation,’ which is based on planned activities and costs. By doing this you are evaluating the planned secondary costs at receiving cost centers. If you do not want to use activity price thus calculated, you are free to use the political price for the activity type.

As you are aware, the activity price is used for planned/actual allocation and is determined by using either the political price or the system-calculated activity price.

Q26.What Is Known As The ‘political Price’ For An Activity Type?

Ans: The ‘Political Price’ is the price determined outside the SAP system, which is used in manual input using the required planning layout in planning.

Q27: What Is ‘allocation Price Variance?

‘Ans: Allocation Price Variance’ is the difference between the ‘political price’ of an activity type and the ‘system calculated activity price’ of the same activity type.

Q28. What Is ‘budgeting’?

Ans: ‘Budgeting’ is used to augment the planning process at the cost-center level. While planning is considered the ‘bottom-up’ approach, budgeting is regarded as the ‘top-down’ method to control costs.

Budgeting usually comes ‘down’ from the ‘top (management)’ and is used to guide the planning process at the cost-center level. Note that budgeting is not integrated with postings; you will get an error when the system comes across a posting that will result in the actual values exceeding the budget for that cost center.

Q29. What Are The ‘direct Allocation’ Methods Of Posting In Co?

Ans: The ‘Direct Allocation’ of posting in CO may be an actual cost entry or a transaction-based posting.

The actual cost entry is the transfer of primary costs from FI to CO, on a real-time basis, through the primary cost elements. You may also transfer transaction data by making the cost accounting assignment to cost objects from other modules such as FI-AA, SD, and MM:

FI-AA: Assign assets to a cost center (to post depreciation, etc.)

MM: Assign GR to a cost center/internal order

SD: Assign or settle a sales order to a cost center or internal order

Note that during actual cost entry, the system creates two documents. When you post the primary costs from FI to CO, the system will create a document in FI and a parallel document in CO, which is summarized from the point of the cost object/element.

Transaction-based postings are executed within the CO, again on a real-time basis, enabling you to have updated cost information on the cost centers at any point in time. You will be able to carry out the following transaction-based postings in CO:

Reposting

Line items

Transactions

Manual cost allocation

Direct activity allocation

Posting of Statistical Key Figures

Posting of sender activities

30. What Is The ‘indirect Allocation’ Method Of Postings In Co?

The ‘Indirect Allocation’ of postings in CO may be used at the end of a period as a periodic allocation. This is done after you have completed all the primary postings. You may post the following periodic allocations using indirect allocation:

Periodic Reposting

Distribution

Assessment

Accrual Cost Calculation (Inputted Cost Calculation)

Indirect Activity Allocation

Q30. Explain ‘co Automatic Account Assignment.’?

Ans: For transferring primary costs to CO, on a real-time basis, you need to have ‘Automatic Account Assignments’ defined in the system. By doing this, you will always be able to post a particular cost to a specified cost center. You can also use this assignment for automatically posting the exchange rate differences (gain or loss), discount, etc., to CO.

You may also have additional account assignment at different levels such as:

Controlling area/account/Company Code in the customizing

Controlling area/account/cost element in the master record

Controlling area/account/Company Code/business area/valuation area in customizing

The system always goes through the route of customizing first, then to the cost element master record while accessing the account assignment rules.

Q31.How Does ‘validation’ Differ From ‘substitution’?

Ans: SAP uses validations and substitutions to check the integrity of data entered before posting a document. When you have both substitutions and validations defined, the system first completes the substitution then goes on to validate the entries. Note that only one validation and one substitution can be activated at a time for a controlling area per ‘call-up point.’

A ‘Validation’ uses Boolean logic for checking any type of combination of specified criteria (such as account type/cost center combination) for ensuring the validity before allowing you to post a document.

Example:

Validation Rule: If the cost element is ‘120000,’ then the cost center is ‘1200.’

Document: You try posting a document containing the cost element as ‘120000’ and the cost center is ‘1400.’

System Response: The system will throw an ‘error message’ after checking that the cost center value does not match the cost center value of the criteria for that given cost element value.

In contrast to validation which just checks for validity, substitution ensures that the system replaces a value assigned to one or more fields based on predetermined criteria, using, again, ‘Boolean logic.’

Example:

Substitution Rule: If the cost element is ‘120000,’ then the cost center is ‘1200.’

Document: You try posting a document containing the cost element as ‘120000’ and the cost center as ‘1400.’

System Response: The system will replace the entered cost center value of ‘1400’ with that of the correct value ‘1200.’

Q32. What Is A ‘call-up Point’?

Ans: A ‘Call-up Point’ is a particular point in transaction processing that triggers an action such as substitution or validation.

Q33. What Is ‘boolean Logic’?

Ans: Boolean Logic’ is based on simple logic to determine if a given statement is true or false. The logic works on the basic principle that a statement can either be true or false. In a complex statement (created using operators ‘and’/‘or’/‘nor,’ etc.) with many parts, the logic goes by assigning true or false from part to part, and then determines at the end whether the combination is true or false.

Q34. Explain ‘reposting’ In Cost Center Accounting.?

Ans: ‘Reposting’ is one of the ‘transaction-based postings’ in Cost Center Accounting used to reallocate costs that were incorrectly posted to another cost center earlier. Also called internal reposting, there are two types:

Line Item Reposting

Transaction Reposting

Use Line Item Reposting only when a certain line item, from the original posting, needs to be reposted. Under this reposting, at the end of the transaction, the system creates a new CO document, but keeps the original FI document unchanged. In the new CO document created, the original FI number is referenced.

You will resort to the entire Transaction Reposting when the original posting was incorrect. Here, the original FI documents are not referenced to in the new CO document created, though the original FI document remains unchanged.

Q35. Is ‘periodic Reposting’ Different From ‘reposting’?

Ans: ‘Periodic Reposting,’ a method under ‘indirect allocation,’ is used to correct multiple postings made to cost centers during a particular period. As such, this is similar to multiple reposting under ‘transaction-based postings.’

Periodic reposting is also similar to distribution, when you use this, at the period end, to transfer all costs from a ‘pooled cost center’ to other receivers. (Note that the ‘distribution’ is meant primarily for cost allocation, but periodic reposting is meant for correcting the posting errors.)

Q36.Explain ‘manual Cost Allocation.’?

Ans: ‘Manual Cost Allocation’one of the ‘transaction-based postings’ is used to post both primary and secondary actual costs (not the planned costs), and also to transfer external data. You may also use this to correct secondary costs that were incorrectly posted earlier. In the process of manual cost allocation, remember that you can use any type of cost element except 43, as this is meant exclusively for activity allocation.

You may use this among cost centers, internal orders, networks, network activities, sales orders, sales order items, WBS elements, etc., identifying these cost objects as senders/receivers.

Q37. What Is ‘direct Activity Allocation’?

Ans: Direct Activity Allocation’—one of the ‘transaction-based postings’—is used to record activities performed by a cost center and to allocate simultaneously to ‘receiving cost centers.’ You will use this ‘direct activity allocation’ only when you know the activity volumes of both the sender and the receiver. If not known, then use the indirect activity allocation at the period end.

You need to input the activity quantity, sender/receiver cost center and date to enable the system to allocate the costs; the system will automatically determine the allocation cost element and the activity price (either the planned price or the actual price). The system multiplies the activity consumed with that of the activity price to arrive at the allocated cost.

Q38. How Do You Calculate ‘accrued Costs’?

Ans: SAP provides two methods for calculating the Inputted or Accrued Costs in CO:

Target=Actual method

Cost Element Percent method

Q39. Describe The ‘reconciliation Ledger.’?

Ans: The ‘Reconciliation Ledger’ is used to keep track of all cross-Company Code transactions between FI and CO, as there is every chance that there may be some imbalance between the CO totals and FI totals when more than one Company Code is attached to a controlling area. This is because you may try to allocate costs from one cost center to another assigned to a different Company Code.

The reconciliation ledger records the Company Code, business area, functional area, amount, cost objects, cost element, currency (Company Code and controlling area), etc. You can make reconciliation postings at the end of a period to synchronize FI and CO with the configuration settings to automatically post the differences to FI.

While configuring the reconciliation ledger, you may use extended account assignments besides the normal account assignment for automatic transfer of reconciled postings. The extended account assignment helps make more comprehensive assignments to the relevant reconciliation accounts, with the option and flexibility of specifying any field in the reconciliation ledger (Company Code, cost element, functional area, etc.) for checking the ‘substitution rules.’

To aid in determining possible reconciliation postings, you can opt for selecting individual cost flows from all the relevant cost flows. This is accomplished by running the relevant report and looking for the relevant ‘data block’ (such as total cost flows, basic overview list, and detailed list).

Q40. What Is ‘variance Analysis’ In Co-om-cca?

Ans: ‘Variance Analysis’ is the determination and interpretation of the difference(s) between the actual and planned (target) costs (within a cost center/cost center group) in cost center accounting. The analysis is intended to provide important clues to top management to plan better later.

Q41. What Are The ‘categories Of Variances’ In Co-om-cca?

SAP helps to classify all variances into two categories:

Ans:

Input Variance

Output Variance

Q42. Explain The ‘input Variance.’?

Ans: The ‘Input Variance’ is the result of the mismatch of amounts/quantities of inputs planned and actually used. You will be able to identify the following input side variances in the system:

Quantity Variance: when there is a difference between planned and actual quantity of activity consumption. The inference is that there is some production inefficiency leading to more consumption or there is some loss/shrinkage in the quantities.

Price Variance: when there is a difference between the planned and actual price of an activity. The inference will be that you may need to change the suppliers looking for lower prices or it is just a market condition.

Resource (use) Variance: when there is use of an unplanned cost element or there has not been a posting of a planned cost element. The inference is that there are some unidentified costs that may be planned in the next planning cycle, or just plain errors in postings.

Remaining (input) Variance: these are all miscellaneous variances where the system is not able to categorize a variance.

Q43. What Is An ‘output Variance’?

Ans: An ‘Output Variance’ is the result when the actual costs allocated from a cost center differ from the planned (or target) cost allocation from the cost center. The variances on the ‘output side’ may be any one of the following:

Volume Variance: This variance occurs with actual and planned activities (in terms of activity quantity and/or the activity itself).

Output Price Variance: This variance occurs when the activity price used in the actual allocation is a political activity price (manually entered or plan price) differing from the system calculated activity price (target price).

Output Quantity Variance: This kind of variance occurs only on the actual side, when there is a difference between the actual activity quantity (manually) entered in the sender cost center, and the actual activity quantity allocated from that sender cost center.

Remaining Variance: This reflects the miscellaneous variance, at the cost center level, identified by the system on the output side but remains not categorized into any of the above three types. The possible reason can be that you have deactivated the output variances in the variance variant configuration or the output variance is less than the ‘minor difference’ you have defined in the ‘variance variant.’

Q44. How Do You Deal With ‘variances’?

Ans: Though the system identifies and calculates variances, they are not automatically dealt with by the system. Hence, these variances will remain at the cost center as a period-end balance and you need to act on that in one of the following ways:

You may do actual activity price calculation to revalue all internal allocations with a newly calculated price (as against the initial planned activity price), and post the difference to all the cost centers which initially received the allocations. This will help you in clearing all or a portion of output price variances.

You may ‘transfer’ the variance balance to other modules (such as CO-PA) for further analysis.

You may make additional automated allocations within CO-OM-CCA to one or more cost center

Q45.What Are All The ‘standard Reports’ In Co?

Ans: SAP comes delivered with a number of ‘Standard Reports’ in the CO module. The reports are grouped under:

Planning reports

Comparison reports

Line item reports

Report for activity prices

Reports for variance analysis

Master data reports

Document display

All the reports are arranged in a ‘report tree’ with a hierarchical arrangement of reports under various nodes. Note that you will not be able to change the standard report tree supplied by SAP; if you need to you can copy it, define your own reports, and then attach these newly defined ones to the new report tree you just defined.

Q46. What Is ‘summarization’ In Co?

Ans: ‘Summarization’ helps to condense and store the transaction data at the ‘cost center group’ level. You may do the summarization for the highest node of the standard hierarchy or any of the ‘alternate hierarchies.’ Once summarized, you will be able to create a vast number of reports with report run-time vastly reduced as all the data of the nodes are readily available from the summarized table.

Q47. What Is A ‘plan Version’?

Ans: A ‘Plan Version’ is a collection of planning data. The version controls whether the user will maintain plan data or actual data or both. You may create as many versions as you need, though SAP provides you with the necessary versions in the standard system.

Each version has information stored in the system per fiscal year period. The version ‘000’ is automatically created for a period horizon of five years, and is normally the final version as this allows for storing actual information as well. You will be using the data in version ‘000' for all the planned activity price calculation. Once planning is completed, you need to ‘lock’ that version so that no one will be able to modify the plan data.

Q48. What Is ‘integrated Planning’ In Co-om-cca?

Ans: ‘Integrated Planning’ helps you to transfer data from other SAP modules such as PP, HR, FI-AA, etc. If you have planned data in these modules and just transfer these into CO, without making any changes, then you do not need plan again in cost center accounting. Before using integrated planning, you need to activate the integration in the planning menu.

Note that integrated planning is possible only when there has been no data planned on that version before activating the integrated planning.

Q49. Explain ‘plan Layout.’?

Ans: A ‘Plan Layout’ is nothing but a data entry screen or template that you use to input plan data.

In most situations, it would be more than sufficient to use SAP supplied planning layouts; however, you may create your own by copying one of the existing layouts and altering it with the help of report painter. While creating a custom layout, note that you have the flexibility to create up to nine lead columns (giving the details the nature of the data associated with the value columns), and any number of value columns (plan data such as amount, unit, etc., corresponding to the lead column).

You also have the option of using MS-Excel spreadsheets as the data input screen in lieu of the SAP plan layouts; but to achieve this you need to activate the ‘integrating with Excel option’ while assigning the layout(s) to a planner profile in IMG.

You need to define a plan layout for each of the three planning areas in CO, namely:

1. Primary Cost and Activity Inputs
2. Activity Output/Prices

3. Statistical Key Figures

Q50. Explain A ‘plan Profile.’?

Ans: A ‘Plan Profile’ (or Planning Profile) helps in controlling the whole process of planning by logically grouping the various plan layouts together. It determines the timeline for planning. You can have more than one planning layout per plan profile.

Before you actually start inputting the data, you need to set the plan profile so that the system knows what layout needs to be used for the planning exercise.

Q51. How Do You Copy ‘plan Data’ From One Period To Another?

Ans: SAP allows you to copy planning data, created manually earlier, from one fiscal year to the other or from one period to a different period within the same fiscal year. You have the option of copying existing plan data to a future period as new plan data or copying actual data from one period to another as plan data.

Q52. What Is The Recommended Planning Sequence, In Co?

Ans: SAP recommends three steps in the planning. In all three steps, the planning can be carried out manually or automatically. You may use assessment, distribution, and indirect activity allocation or inputted costs for planning. You can also have centralized planning (cost element planning for all the cost centers) and decentralized planning (planning for individual cost centers) in your organization.

Q53. What Are The Two Options For Entering Plan Data?

Ans: SAP provides you with a choice of two options to enter your plan data. You may use Form-based entry or Free entry.

In form-based entry, all you need to do is fill in the plan data in the rows corresponding to the characteristic values (cost centers, cost element, etc.) displayed on the screen. But, in free entry, you have the freedom of inputting even the characteristic values.

Q54.What Are ‘distribution Keys’?

Ans: The SAP system uses ‘Distribution Keys’ to distribute planned values across various periods. With the standard distribution keys supplied by SAP, you will be able to achieve the type of distribution you need:

DK1 (equal distribution)

DK2 (distribution as done earlier)

DK5 (copy values to period where there is no value)

For example: if you have a planned annual value of 12,000, by using DK1 you will be able to distribute 1,000 each as the monthly values. If you had plan values for last year which were something like 1,000 for January to June, 500 for July, 1,500 for August, and 1,000 each for September to December, then by using DK2, you will be able to copy the same amounts to the next fiscal year. DK5 will copy values to future periods only if there are no values already available for those periods.[teaserbox type="4" img="2901" title="Interested in Learning AWS!"